Essay Composition

Composing a paper requires an efficient and cautious procedure, in any case, the pre-composing process is as significant as the creative cycle. This paper will plot the procedure that has been utilized recorded as a hard copy the exposition on raising the base legitimate driving age. In the pre-composing process, I had a rundown of themes that I had enthusiasm for and limited my selections of subjects. (The picked progression of subjects has been highlighted).Once the point on least driving age was taken, a fundamental theme sentence was made. The point sentence is: The guideline of the base driving age ought to be changed. Following this theme, the accompanying inquiries have been formulated:?â â â â â What are the issues on the present least driving ageâ â â â â What are the connections between the base driving age and engine vehicular accidentsâ â â â â Would changing the base driving age increment street safety?I took insights, books and periodicals to build inf ormation on the point and have the option to respond to the inquiries that have been introduced previously. I mulled over specific rules that would assist me with picking the most ideal sources. The rules that were utilized were the following:?â â â â â Reliability of the creator Knowledge on the theme (instructive foundation, etc.)?â â â â â Recency of the source (date of publication)For example: â€Å"†¦Those normal variables developed when USA TODAY analyzed all the fatal accidents including 16-to-19-year-old drivers in 2003. Around 3,500 youngsters kicked the bucket in adolescent driven vehicles in the USA that year †a loss of life that best that of any illness or injury for teenagers. The South end up being the deadliest region.[1]† In the wake of perusing and rehashing my sources, the particular point that came was tied in with raising the base driving age. This point was picked since this is an exceptional issue in the province of Massachusetts. Utilizing the sources that I have accumulated, I brought down the advantages and disadvantages of raising the base driving age. I composed the contentions and counter contentions in plain structure in order to take a gander at which contentions were strong.Pros â€Â Lessen driving accidents, Teenager's mind can completely developCons  â€Â Might increment illicit drivers My choice on a stand depended on these contentions just as the unwavering quality of the given sources. The last proposition articulation currently stands: The base lawful driving age ought to be raised. After which a blueprint was made so as to fill in as a guide for composing the paper. From the sources taken in the past piece of the exploration procedure just as close to home encounters, my position was resolved: The legitimate age for driving ought to be raised from its present age to a higher age level. The purpose behind picking such depended on realities and insights. The realities depended on clinical research, just as encounters in the field of psychology.BibliographyCrossman, D;R. Sixteen is too youthful to even consider driving : taking control when your high schooler's behind- â â â â â â â â â â the-wheel. Scotia, NY : Footnote Pub. 2002.Landsberger, J. Composing Position Papers. The Study Guides and Strategies (02 June, 2006). 20 February 2007. <http://w ww.studygs.net/wrtstr9.htm>O' Donnell,J. â€Å"Deadly youngster car collisions show a pattern.† USA TODAY, (1 March 2005).McAleese, D. â€Å"Rethink of lawful driving age asked by chapel arbitrator. â€Å"Financial Times Ltd.† (09 October, 2006). 20 Feb., 2006. ;http://solutions.cengage.com/hurricane/applications/,M. Adolescent Roadhogs. New York : Alpha Reference. 1997.Schnell, D. Attributes of Adolescence. Minneapolis: Minn.,Burgess Pub.Co.1946.

Company comparison: Tesco and Panda

In the wake of doing some exploration, I chose to pick two organizations as the associations to be looked at in the composed accommodation, which are Tesco and Panda. In this log-book, the data I accumulate will be imprinted in italic, and my closely-held conviction will be written in 14 point text dimension with underline. I get the majority of the data from the web, in addition, I get some data from the email which the organizations' authentic site, press and the magazines. Tesco works 2,291 stores far and wide and utilizes 296,000 individuals. We have developed from a residential retailer, to an International Group, through our natural development program. This year, each of the four pieces of the Tesco procedure, the center UK business, non-food, retailing administrations and worldwide, have expanded in benefit. Retailing administrations Tesco individual money, built up in 1997, presently has over 3.4 million client records and 15 items and administrations. It accomplished benefits of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½96m in 2003 (Tesco share à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½48m). Tesco.com is the biggest staple e-rear on the planet and accomplished a benefit of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½12m in 2003. We declared as of late that we would dispatch a fixed line telephone administration in the late spring of 2003. Non-food Half of our UK new space opened for the current year has been for non-food and the outcome has been to develop our piece of the pie to 5%. By breaking down the above data, we can have a diagram of the organization. Obviously Tesco is a huge estimated association, which has developed from a residential retailer, to an International Group. How did Tesco make it? This is the issue I have subsequent to perusing above data. This part shows some operational subtleties of the organization, for instance, the worker numbers, age structure, the responsibility for firm, and so on. Proclamation OF APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF THE COMBINED CODE The Group is focused on exclusive requirements of corporate administration. This announcement depicts the way where the organization has applied the standards set out in the Combined Code on Corporate Governance. Chiefs AND THE BOARD The Board of Tesco PLC contains eight Executive Directors and six free Non-official Directors. The Chairman, Mr. J A Gardiner, is a free Non-official Director who has an essential obligation of running the Board. The Chief Executive, Sir Terry Leahy, has official obligations regarding the activities, results and key advancement of the Group. Away from of responsibility and duty exist and work successfully for these positions. What's more, Mr. G F Pimlott is the senior Non-official Director. The Board guarantees that nobody individual or gathering overwhelms the dynamic procedure. Since the year-end, the Board has declared its progression plans for the retirement of Mr. J A Gardiner in March 2004. The full Board meets in any event ten times each year and every year dedicates two days to a gathering with senior administrators on longer-term arranging, giving thought both to the chances and dangers of future procedure. The Board oversees in general control of the Group's issues by the calendar of issues saved for its choice. To the extent that corporate administration is concerned, these incorporate the endorsement of budget summaries, significant acquisitions and removals, authority levels for use, treasury arrangements, chance administration, Group administration approaches and progression plans for senior officials. To empower the Board to settle on thought about choices, a composed convention exists and has been conveyed to ranking directors guaranteeing that significant data is made accessible to all Board individuals ahead of time of Board gatherings. All Directors approach the administrations of the Company Secretary and may accept autonomous expert exhortation at the organization's cost in the facilitation of their obligations. The requirement for Director preparing is routinely evaluated by the organization. The above data shows a piece of operational subtleties of the association. This part clarified the leading group of Tesco and its activity, for instance, the full load up meet in any event ten times each year and have some more gathering too, this is exceptionally legitimate, All Directors may accept free proficient exhortation at the organization's cost in the encouragement of their obligations. Administration STRUCTURES The accompanying sections depict the key administration structures working in the Group under the general course of the Board. Official Committee The Board delegates everyday and business the executives control to the Executive Committee, which involves the Executive Directors. This meets officially consistently and its choices are imparted all through the Group all the time. The Executive Committee is answerable for actualizing Group approach, the observing and execution of the business and answering to the full Board consequently. Designations Committee Appointments to the Board for both Executive and Non-official Directors are the obligation of the Nominations Committee which is led by Mr. J A Gardiner and whose individuals are set out in the table at the base of this page. As exemplified by the area on ‘Directors and their inclinations' inside the Directors' report on pages 5 and 6 of the 2003 yearly report, the organization's Articles of Association guarantee that on a rotational premise Directors leave at regular intervals and, on the off chance that they so want and are qualified, offer themselves for re-appointment. Compensation Committee The Remuneration Committee, made totally out of Non-official Directors, is led by Mr. C L Allen. The individuals are set out in the table at the base of this page. The duties of the Remuneration Committee, along with a clarification of how it applies the Directors' compensation standards of the Combined Code, are set out in the report of the Directors on compensation on pages 12 to 21 of the 2003 yearly report. Review Committee The Board has an Audit Committee, led by Mr. G F Pimlott and comprising altogether of Nonexecutive Directors, which meets at least three times each year. Participation of the Audit Committee is set out in the table at the base of this page. Its terms of reference are inspected every year and speak to current best practice. The Committee's essential obligations incorporate checking the arrangement of inner control all through the Group, favoring the Group's bookkeeping strategies and looking into the between time and yearly fiscal reports before accommodation to the Board. The Committee will attempt an appraisal of the Group's situation corresponding to the Financial Reporting Council rules for fortifying the Combined Code, gave as of late as the ‘Smith Report', in spite of the fact that it is accepted that the Group as of now go along considerably with the proposition. The audit will likewise cover the job and viability of the Non-official Directors as set out in the ‘Higgs Report'. Consistence Committee The Compliance Committee guarantees that the Board releases its commitments to conform to every single essential law and guidelines. It has built up a calendar for the ordinary survey of the Group's operational exercises to guarantee consistence with acknowledged practices and approaches. The Committee, containing two Executive Directors and three individuals from senior administration, ordinarily meets four times each year. Some useful subtleties are given in this part: the structure of the board. There are five sort of board; every one has its own obligation, and they work very well when they cooperate. The intelligent structure is another explanation of Tesco's prosperity. As various kind of associations, there must be contrasts between the administration structure of Tesco and Panda, I will look at them in the composed accommodation. Inward CONTROL AND RISK MANAGEMENT The Board has generally speaking obligation regarding inside control, including hazard the board, and sets proper arrangements having respect to the destinations of the Group. Official administration has the obligation regarding the recognizable proof, assessment and the executives of money related and non-monetary dangers and for the usage and support of control frameworks as per the Board's approaches. The Board, through the Audit Committee, has checked on the viability of the frameworks of inward control for the bookkeeping year and the period to the date of endorsement of the fiscal summaries, in spite of the fact that it ought to be comprehended that such frameworks are intended to give sensible however not outright affirmation against material error or misfortune. Inside control condition The Group works a goals driven methodology planned for fulfilling its center reason that converts into a moving five-year field-tested strategy. The arrangement covers both income and capital consumption and structures the premise of marketable strategies for all our business substances. From this the Board, along with checking systems dependent on our Steering Wheel, concurs the yearly income and capital spending plans. The Steering Wheel is the term used to depict our decent scorecard approach, which we accept is the most ideal approach to accomplish results for our investors. It sets out an expansive scope of focuses under quadrant headings of clients, activities, individuals and money. This permits the business to be worked and observed on a fair premise with due respect for all partners. The Board embraces a conventional survey of progress on a quarterly premise and any subsequent activities considered suitable are conveyed all through the business. The capital speculation program is liable to formalized survey methods requiring key measures to be met. Every significant activity require business cases to be readied, typically covering a base time of five years. Post-venture examinations are additionally completed. Hazard the executives procedure At the most significant level, the Board considers vital hazard each time it meets. The two-day Board Conference, alluded to prior, thinks about where future chances and dangers falsehood and helps shape our corporate system going ahead. Accountabilities

How To Get Good Essay Writing Services?

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6 Strategies for Teaching Idioms in any Election

Politicians are always campaigning. They run  campaigns to get votes to win their political office or seat. They run campaigns to win votes to keep their political office or seats. It does not matter if the politician is running for local, state or federal office, a politician is always communicating with the voters, and much of that communication is in the language of campaigns.    In order to understand what a politician is saying, however, students might need to become familiar with campaign vocabulary. Explicit teaching of election terms important for all students, but particularly important with English language learners (ELs, ELLs, EFL, ESL). That is because campaign vocabulary is filled with idioms,  which means a word or phrase that is not taken  literally. Take for example, the idiomatic phrase to throw ones hat in the ring: Announce  ones  candidacy  or  enter  a  contest,  as  in The  governor  was  slow  to  throw  his  hat  in  the  ring  in  the  senatorial  race.This  term  comes  from  boxing,  where  throwing  a  hat  in  the  ringindicated  a  challenge;  today  the  idiom  nearly  always  refers  to  political  candidacy.  [c.  1900] (The Free Dictionary-Idioms) Six Strategies for Teaching Idioms Some of the political idioms would confuse any level of student, so using the following six strategies may be helpful: 1. Provide these election idioms in context:  Have students find examples of idioms in speeches or campaign materials. 2. Stress that idioms are in most often used in the spoken form, not written. Help students to understand that idioms are conversational, rather than formal.  Have students practice the idioms by creating  sample  conversations that they can share  to help them understand.   For example, take the following dialogue featuring the idiom â€Å"political hot potato† in school: Jack:  I have to write my top two issues that I would like to debate.For one of the issues, I am thinking of choosing Internet privacy. Some politicians see this issue as a political hot potato.Jane:  Mmmmm. I love hot potatoes. Is that whats on the menu for lunch?Jack:  No, Jane, a political hot potato is an issue that  can be so sensitive that those taking a stand on the issue could risk being embarrassed. 3. Be sure to explain how each word in an idiom may have a different meaning then what is meant in the whole idiomatic phrase. Take, for example, the term convention bounce: Convention means: a meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or delegates, for discussion of and action on particular matters of common concernBounce means: a  sudden  spring  or  leapThe term convention bounce does not mean that the one of the actions the representatives or the entire assembly performed was a spring or leap.   Instead convention bounce means the  surge of support that U.S. presidential candidates in the  Republican  or  Democratic  party typically enjoy after the televised  national convention  of their party. Teachers should be aware that some of the idiomatic  vocabulary is also  cross-disciplinary.  For example, personal appearance can refer to a persons wardrobe and demeanor, but in the context of an election, it means an event that a candidate attends in person.   4. Teach a few idioms at a time:   5-10 idioms at a time is ideal. Long lists will confuse students; not all idioms are necessary to understand the election process. 5. Encourage student collaborations in studying idioms, and use the following strategies: Ask students to discuss idioms with one another;Ask students to restate the meaning of each idiom in their own words;Ask students to compare their descriptions of an idiom;Have students explain to each other any new information they have learned about the idioms;Find any areas of disagreement or confusion and help clarify;Have students can make revisions to their own work. (NOTE:  Ã‚  let students whose primary existing knowledge base is still in their native language to write in it.) 6. Use idioms in teaching the election process:  Teachers can use specific examples  (exemplification)  Ã‚  with what students know in order to teach some of the vocabulary.   For example, the teacher may write on the board, â€Å"The candidate stands by his record.† Students may then say what they think the term means. The teacher can then discuss with the students the nature of a  candidates record  (something is written down or what a person says). This will help students understand how the context of the word  record  is more specific in an election: record: a list showing a candidates or elected officials voting history (often in relation to a specific issue) Once they understand the meaning of the word, students can research a particular candidates record in the news or on websites such as  Ontheissues.org. Supporting the C3 Frameworks by Teaching Idioms Teaching students the popular idioms used in political campaigns allows teachers the opportunity to incorporate  civics  into their curriculum. The new  Social Studies Frameworks for College, Career, and Civic Life  (C3s), outlines the requirements teachers must follow to prepare students to participate in a productive constitutional democracy: ....[student] civic engagement requires knowledge of the history, principles, and foundations of our American democracy, and the ability to participate in civic and democratic processes (31). Helping students understand the language of political campaigns- our democratic processes -makes them better-prepared citizens in the future when they exercise their right to vote. Vocabulary Software Program-Quizlet One way to help students become familiar with any election year vocabulary is to use the digital platform  Quizlet: This free software gives teachers and students a variety of modes: specialized learning mode, flashcards, randomly generated tests, and collaboration tools to study words. On Quizlet teachers can create, copy, and modify vocabulary lists to suit the needs of their students; not all words need to be included. 53 Political Election Idioms and Phrases The following list of idioms is also available on Quizlet: Political Election Idioms and Phrases-Grades 5-12. 1.Always a bridesmaid, never a bride:  used to talk about someone who is never the most important person in a situation. 2.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush:  Something of some value that on already has; not risking what one has for (im)possibilities. 3.Bleeding Heart:  A term describing people whose hearts bleed with sympathy for the downtrodden; used to criticize liberals who favor government spending for social programs. 4.The buck stops here:  said by someone who is responsible for making decisions and who will be blamed if things go wrong. 5.Bully Pulpit:  The Presidency, when used by the President to inspire or moralize. Whenever the President seeks to rouse the American people, he is said to be speaking from the bully pulpit. When the term first came into use, bully was slang for first rate or admirable. 6.Caught between a rock and a hard place:  in a very difficult position; facing a hard decision. 7.A chain is only as strong as its weakest link:  A successful group or team relies on each member doing well. 8.Cheat/fool me once, shame on you. Cheat/fool me twice, shame on me!:  After being tricked once, one should be wary, so that the person cannot trick you again. 9.Close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades:  Coming close but not succeeding is not good enough. 10.Closing the barn door after the horse escapes:If people try to fix something after the problem has occurred. 11.Convention Bounce:  Traditionally, after the official convention of the party of a US Presidential candidate during an election year, that partys nominee would see an increase in voter approval in polls. 12.Do not count your chickens before they hatch:  you should not count on something before it happens. 13.Do not make a mountain out of a molehill:  meaning its not that important. 14.Do not put all your eggs in one basket:  to make everything dependent on only one thing; to place all ones resources in one place, account, etc. 15.Do not put the horse before the cart:  Do not do things in the wrong order. (This can imply that the person you are addressing is impatient.) 16.The end justifies the means:  A good outcome excuses any wrongs committed to attaining it. 17.Fishing Expedition:  An investigation with no defined purpose, often by one party seeking damaging information about another. 18.Give him/her enough rope to hang him/herself: I f one gives someone enough freedom of action, they may destroy themselves by foolish actions. 19.Hang your hat:  to depend on or believe in something. 20.He who hesitates is lost:  One who cannot come to a decision will suffer for it. 21.Hindsight is 20/20:  A perfect understanding of an event after it has happened; a term usually used with sarcasm in response to criticism of ones decision. 22.If at first you do not succeed, try and try again:  Dont let a first-time failure stop further attempts. 23.If wishes were horses then beggars would ride:  If people could achieve their dreams simply by wishing for them, life would be very easy. 24.If you can not take the heat, stay out of the kitchen:  If the pressures of some situation are too much for you, you should leave that situation. (Somewhat insulting;implies that the person addressed cannot tolerate pressure.) 25.It is not whether you win or lose, it is how you play the game:Reaching a goal is less important than giving our best effort. 26.Jumping on the bandwagon:  to support something that is popular. 27.Kicking the Can down the Road:  a delaying of a difficult decision made by passing short and temporary measures or laws instead. 28.Lame Duck:  An officeholder whose term has expired or cannot be continued, who thus has lessened power. 29.The lesser of two evils:  The lesser of two evils is the principle that when faced with selecting from two unpleasant options, the one which is least harmful should be chosen. 30.Let us run it up the flagpole and see who salutes:  to tell people about an idea in order to see what they think of it. 31.Opportunity only knocks once:You will only have one chance to do something important or profitable. 32.A political football:  A problem that doesnt get solved because the politics of the issue get in the way, or the issue is very controversial. 33.A political hot potato:  Something potentially dangerous or embarrassing. 34.Politically correct/incorrect (PC):  To use or not use language that is offensive to some person or group - often shortened to PC. 35.Politics makes strange bedfellows:  Political interests can bring together people who otherwise have little in common. 36.Press the flesh: to shake hands. 37.Put my foot in my mouth:  to say something that you regret; to say something stupid, insulting, or hurtful. 38.Reach Across the Aisle:  A term for making an effort to negotiate with member(s) of the opposite party. 39.Skeletons in the closet:  a hidden and shocking secret. 40.The squeaky wheel gets the grease:  When people say that the squeaky wheel gets the grease, they mean that the person who complains or protests the loudest attracts attention and service. 41.Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never harm me:  Something in response to an insult which means that people cannot hurt you with bad things they say or write about you. 42.Straight as an arrow:  Honest, genuine qualities in a person. 43.Talking Points:  A set of notes or summaries on a particular topic that is recited, word for word, whenever the topic is discussed. 44.Throw in the towel:  to give up. 45.Throw your hat into the ring:  to announce your intention of entering a competition or election. 46.Toe the party line: to conform to the rules or standards of the political party. 47.To get on/off your soapbox:  To talk a lot about a subject you feel strongly about. 48.Vote with your feet:  To express ones dissatisfaction with something by leaving, especially by walking away. 49.Where there is smoke, there is fire:  If it looks like something is wrong, something probably is wrong. 50.Whistlestop: a brief appearance of a political candidate in a small town, traditionally on the observation platform of a train. 51.Witch Hunt:  A vindictive, often irrational, investigation that preys on public fears. Refers to witch hunts in 17th century Salem, Massachusetts, where many innocent women accused of witchcraft were burned at the stake or drowned. 52.You can lead a horse to water but you can not make it drink:  You can present someone with an opportunity, but you cannot force him or her to take advantage of it. 53.You can not judge a book by its cover:  something that you say which means you cannot judge the quality or character of someone or something just by looking at them.

A Reflection On The Educator - 1084 Words

1. It is important to have frequent interactions with children as this enables them to know us and vice versa. When we get to know them it is easier for us to know about their likes and dislikes, their interests, preferences and this helps us to organise activities for them. It is important to have caring and respectful interactions as when the children feel that the educator care for them they will feel safe and will be able to trust the educator. The trust will bring confidence in the child. When the educator respects the children the children will respect the educator in return. A way that the educator can promote these interactions is when talking to the child, be at their level, talking using a friendly tone. To show that we care we†¦show more content†¦Use gesture while talking to them so they understand better and learn easier. If we can talk the language from their background we try to. 3. It is important to communicate sensitively and positively with children as communication is a vital part of developing and maintaining positive relationships in children so if we do not communicate sensitively and positively that’s affect the children and on his turn he will not communicate correctly. Also we educators with the parents are the people who communicate more often with the children so it is important to communicate sensitively as this will build trust. Also we are model for children so if we do not communicate sensitively and positively, they won’t either. According to the EYLF communication is crucial to belonging, being and becoming, communication will help the child to develop his sense of identity, his sense of purpose that why it is important to communicate sensitively and positively. When communicating with children we should show that we are listening to them, we should show our feelings, make them feel that we care. 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Teaching truly became an art when educators like Freire began to understand the importance of education in the movement of social change. The presence of love in the classroom, the type of love that is lively, forceful, challengingRead MoreCritical Reflection1285 Words   |  4 PagesCritical reflection Assignment 2. Critical Reflection (50%) Part A. 1250 words Due date: Monday 14 October 2013 (hand in during tutorial) References- a minimum of 7 current and relevant references required and used within the critical reflection to support discussion. Three of these references need to be recent peer reviewed journal articles outlining research in this area. Task: Students are to critically reflect on the professional responsibilities of managers and leaders in early

Rockhampton Essay Research Paper Rockhampton Facilities and free essay sample

Rockhampton Essay, Research Paper Rockhampton Facilities and Popular Attraction Compared to Other Cities Rockhamptons biggest attractive force would be that it is the beef capital of Australia. { more information how it was the beef capital and when it was } Rockhampton was discovered in 1850 when gold and Cu were discovered about 100 kilometers off advancing this town # 8217 ; s growing as an agricultural market and port. Good Morning Our City Rockhampton has one of the biggest tourer attractive forces compared to other metropoliss like bundaberg, Mackay, Gladstone and Townsville. Some of Rock Hamptons biggest attractive force is that it has a repute of holding historical edifices in forepart of the seaport playing as a waterfront. The Dreamtime Cultural Centre which is devoted to expose Aboriginal art and history, besides this town boasts by holding usage houses, an outstanding gardens, which shows an drawn-out scope of trees, workss and animate beings. Other metropoliss does non hold every bit much tourer attractive force as Rockhampton. We will write a custom essay sample on Rockhampton Essay Research Paper Rockhampton Facilities and or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some have bigger shopping centres and larger featuring installations but they don # 8217 ; Ts have a repute of holding outstanding houses or topographic points to demo off their natural milieus

Three Waves Of Ska Essays - Jamaican Music, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae

Three Waves of Ska Music is one medium through which a generation can express itself. For a generation of suppressed, restless, working-class youths living in early 1960's Jamaica, this voice was a genre of music known as ska. Since its original appearance, ska has resurfaced twice. Ska music has been presented to three generations of fans in three separate "waves." Its humble beginnings lead to one of the most influential styles of music present in the world. By 1962, Jamaica was no longer under British rule. Jamaican culture and music began to reflect the new found optimism in its independence. Since the early 1940's, Jamaica had adopted and adapted many forms of American musical styles. The predominantly black inhabitants of Jamaica took a liking to rhythm and blues music (Davis and Simon 38), and with imported American records, "enterprising businessmen attempted to string up small sound systems consisting of radio, turntable, and independent speaker boxes" (Davis and Simon 38). These portable sound systems provided entertainment at dance halls. Owners of different sound systems competed against each other at the halls. The sound systems were run by two individuals, the deejay and the selector, dressed in "spangled waistcoats, black leather Dracula capes, imitation ermine robes, Lone Ranger masks, and rhinestone-studded crowns" (White 4). The deejay job was to introduce each record and to enhance the rhythm of the music! by chanting along with the record. Selectors chose records and used the controls to increase or decrease bass, treble, or volume. Musicians picked up on the elements of the rhythm and blues and combined it with traditional Jamaican mento music. The result was the first wave of ska. Musically, ska is "a shuffle-rhythm close to mento but even closer to the backbeat of the r&b, with the accent on the second and fourth beats, often moving in a 12-bar blues-frame. The afterbeat, strummed by a rhythm guitar or played on the piano . . . came to be characteristic of the form" (Davis and Simon 38). A horn section, usually consisting of trumpets, trombones, and saxophones, was vital to the music. Skilled musicians began to team up. Classic bands, such as the Skatalites, were formed and backed up vocal groups and singers. The Wailers (including Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Livingston), Desmond Dekker, the Maytals, and Laurel Aitken were the most popular performers at the time. Songs written about Trench Town (the ghettoes), rude boys (street thugs), and about romance were prevalent, however, religious themes could also be found in the songs. In 1965, the Skatalites disbanded, and slowly ska transformed into another type of music, rock steady. Rock ste! ady is more dependent on the rhythm, provided by the bass guitar and drums, than ska was. For the meantime, ska took a backseat to the new styles sweeping the country. After ska had been developed in Jamaica, it was "exported" by artists traveling to Great Britain. There it was known as "blue beat." By the mid 1970's, early British punk bands were infusing reggae, a style of music that came from rock steady, into their music. Near the end of the decade, bands began to use ska instead of reggae because of its upbeat, danceable rhythm. This faster paced ska came to be known as 2 tone. One of the messages of 2 tone ska was the promotion of racial harmony. One of the symbols of 2 tone was a cartoon character named Walt Jabsco, a man in a black suit, white shirt, black tie, sunglasses, pork pie hat, white socks and black loafers. The use of black and white in the drawing was supposed to symbolize the peaceful coexistence of different races. As Strauss noted, "The attitude of ska music has always been one of having fun in the face of oppression, as encapsulated in a warning made famous by the Jamaican legend Prince Buster: 'Enjoy yourself! . It's later than you think.'" (n. pag.). The third wave of ska began around 1990 in America. Bands influenced by the 2 tone ska scene began to use more punk and metal music. The combination is much faster than 2 tone, and sounds very different from the original Jamaican brand of ska. The sound has transformed much since its